Volume 26 | Number 1 | Supplement | March 2013
New Frontiers in Ocean Exploration:
The E/V Nautilus 2012 Field Season and
Summary of Mediterranean Exploration
Citation | Foreword | Table of Contents | Full Report | Technology | References
Citation
Bell, K.L.C., and M.L. Brennan, eds. 2013. New frontiers in ocean exploration: The E/V Nautilus 2012 field season and summary of Mediterranean exploration. Oceanography 26(1), supplement, 64 pp, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.supplement.01.
Foreword
Exploration Vessel Nautilus is about to enter its fifth year of operations when it begins a multiyear program of exploration in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in June 2013. During the past four years, Nautilus and its Corps of Exploration have focused on the Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas, with a short expedition into the North Atlantic in 2011.
Three primary factors guided this operational history. When Nautilus arrived in the Mediterranean Sea in late 2008, it had limited capabilities for supporting remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) in deep water. Because Nautilus is privately owned by the Ocean Exploration Trust and does not operate under a US flag, the Trust found support from private sources to fund major improvements in the ship's infrastructure and capabilities, which became more challenging with the onset of a global recession.
During its first operating season in 2009, Nautilus had to anchor in relatively shallow water (100–200 m) to launch the Hercules/Argus vehicle system, greatly limiting its ability to explore. Prior to its second operational season in 2010, Nautilus underwent a major overhaul in an Istanbul dry dock that included the installation of a dynamic positioning system to make it possible to hold station. In 2011 and 2012, additional improvements were made to enhance the habitability of the ship and to replace vehicle and satellite support vans with a permanent ROV shop and hangar facilities.
Early 2013 found Nautilus back in an Istanbul shipyard for installation of a number of sensor systems needed to support its future exploration program, including hull mounting of a Kongsberg EM 302 multibeam sonar and a Knudsen subbottom profiler.
The second reason for basing Nautilus in the Mediterranean Sea in 2009 was its potential for easy access to the Indian Ocean, the most unexplored ocean basin in the world, from its base of operations in Turkey via the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. However, due to the recent rise in piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Northwest Indian Ocean, the Trust found that it was too dangerous to explore these seas.
The third reason for working in this area of the world was the Trust's desire to pioneer the emerging field of deepwater archaeology and its efforts to locate deepwater trade routes of the ancient world and highly preserved ancient shipwrecks in the depths of the Black Sea. You will learn more about this highly successful program within this issue. Although Nautilus is now ready to transition to work on the high seas, the Trust is beginning a new exploratory program in this region based on the discoveries its team has made over the last 25 years of work in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and the development of new autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The program in deepwater Mediterranean archaeology is now underway using AUVs supported by smaller and less expensive boats.
With the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific still inaccessible via the Suez Canal, Nautilus will leave the Mediterranean Sea for the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico in late April 2013 to begin a new chapter in its efforts to explore the unknowns of the world ocean.
— By Robert D. Ballard
Table of Contents
| FOREWORD |
1 |
| INTRODUCTION |
2 |
| TECHNOLOGY |
4 |
| NEW TOOLS AND METHODS FOR PRECISION SEAFLOOR MAPPING |
10 |
| THE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND INNER SPACE CENTER |
16 |
| NAUTILUS EDUCATION AND OUTREACH |
18 |
| 2012 FIELD SEASON AND SUMMARY OF ONGOING MEDITERRANEAN RESEARCH | 22 |
| Deepwater Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas: 1988–2012 | 24 |
| Environmental Characterization of the Oxic/Anoxic Transition Zone in the Black Sea |
28 |
| Exploration of the Anaximander Mountains: Mud Volcanoes, Cold-Seep Communities, and Cold Water Corals |
30 |
| Exploration of Eratosthenes Seamount—A Continental Fragment Being Forced Down an Oceanic Trench |
36 |
| Archaeological Discoveries on Eratosthenes Seamount | 42 |
| Exploration of the Santorini Volcanic Group, South Aegean Sea, Greece |
44 |
| WORKSHOP ON TELEPRESENCE-ENABLED EXPLORATION OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION |
50 |
| EPILOGUE |
56 |
| AUTHORS |
58 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
60 |
| REFERENCES
|
62 |
Full Report
Single printed copies are available upon request from info@tos.org.
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